The present volume grew out of the workshop on grammaticalization at the annual meeting of the Japan English Linguistic Society held in November 1993. The workshop was, as we recall, a great success, with papers by Comrie, Matsumoto, and Ohori. Then a plan developed to publish a collection of papers under a coherent theme, and here is its culmination, with three more papers, all of which were presented at various national-level conferences. Also, Ohori's paper, which was on English conditionals, has been replaced by one on Japanese conditionals. As a consequence, this volume has come out as among the first to provide data and theoretical perspectives on grammaticalization from Japanese.

目次

Introduction Toshio Ohori

Perspectives on Grammaticalization
Bernard Comrie
　1.　The notion of grammatical(ized): Central and marginal cases
　2.　Grammaticalization paths, I: Grammaticalization of lexical items
　3.　Grammaticalization paths, II: Grammaticalization of semantic structures: Semantic roles to grammatical relations
　4.　Grammaticalization paths, III: Grammaticalization of pragmatic structures
　　4.1.　Obligation and negation
　　4.2.　Possibility
　　4.3.　Reference tracking
　5.　Conclusions

Semantic Change in the Grammaticalization of Verbs into Post-positions in Japanese
Yo Matsumoto
　1.　From verbs to adpositions in Japanese
　　1.1.　Deverbal postpositions in Japanese
　　1.2.　Verbal and postpositional properties of Japanese complex postpositions
　2.　The nature of the semantic change
　　2.1.　Semantic change from verbs to adpositions
　　2.2.　Patterns of polysemization
　3.　Explanation for common paths of semantic change
　　3.1.　General nature of source verbs
　　3.2.　Image-schematic properties in semantic change
　　3.3.　Limitations of image-schema preservation
　4.　Conclusion

Further Notes on Deverbal Postpositions: A Commentary on Matsumoto's Paper
Akira Honda
　1.　Introduction
　2.　O motte: Constructional meaning
　3.　Prohibition on monadic verbs
　4.　Ni kakete: Heterosemy

From a Lexical Noun to an Utterance-final Pragmatic Particle: Wake
Ryoko Suzuki
　1.　Introduction
　　1.1.　The pragmatic use of wake
　　1.2.　Teramura’s study on wake
　2.　Data and method
　3.　Development of the pragmatic wake: The syntactic transition
　　3.1. Overview
　　3.2. Five stages of the pragmatic wake
　4. Discussion
　　4.1. Summary of the change
　　4.2. A type of grammaticization?
　　4.3. Is wake really a pragmatic particle?
　5.　Concluding remarks

What Can Natural Conversational Data Tell us about Grammaticiza-tion?: A Commentary on Suzuki’s Paper
Hiroaki Kitano
　1.　Introduction
　2.　Why natural conversational data for grammaticization studies?
　3.　A problem
　4.　Conclusion

Functional Variety in the Japanese Conjunctive Particle Kara ‘Because’
Yuko Iguchi
　1.　Introduction
　2.　Preceding studies
　3.　Observation of utterances ending with kara in actual discourse
　　3.1.　Relation to other utterances in discourse
　　3.2.　Relation to an act
　　3.3.　Relation to implicatures
　4.　Concluding remarks

Grammaticization of Clause-final Elements: A Commentary on Iguchi’s Paper
Ryoko Suzuki
　1.　Clause-final phenomenon
　2.　Motivations for the change
　3.　Synchronic and diachronic approaches


Polysemy and Paradigmatic Change in the Japanese Conditional Marker Ba
Toshio Ohori
　1.　Polysemy of ba
　2.　Methods and basic facts
　　2.1.　Grammaticalization and diachronic paths
　　2.2.　Verbal paradigms of ba
　3.　Motivations for change
　4.　Concluding remarks

Some Theoretical Issues in the Analysis of Polyfunctionality: A Commentary on Ohori's Paper
Yoshiki Nishimura
　1.　Introduction
　2.　Grammaticalization
　3.　A single meaning manifested in different domains

On the Polyfunctionality of the Japanese Particle No: From the Perspectives of Ontology and Grammaticalization
Kaoru Horie
　1.　Introduction
　2.　Ontological gradience from thing via event to proposition: A cognitive reason for the duality of no
　3.　Contrastive linguistic evidence in support of the continuum of syntactic functions
　　3.1.　Mandarin Chinese
　　3.2.　English
　　3.3.　Korean
　　3.4.　Implicational hierarchy of the linguistic codability of syntactic functions
　4.　The cognitive nature of grammaticalization of no
　5.　Conclusion

Close to the Edge: A Commentary on Horie’s Paper
Toshio Ohori
　1.　The scope of grammaticalization
　2.　Some typological observations
　3.　Mono vs.koto as a typological parameter

著者略歴

所属は、執筆時1998年のものです。

Bernard Comrie: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California
Akira Honda: Faculty of Contemporary Cultures, Surugadai University
Kaoru Horie: Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University
Yuko Iguchi: Graduate School of Foreign Languages, Dokkyo University
Hiroaki Kitano: Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University
Yo Matsumoto: Department of English, Meiji Gakuin University
Yoshiki Nishimura: Language and Information Sciences, University of Tokyo
Toshio Ohori: Language and Information Sciences, University of Tokyo
Ryoko Suzuki: Faculty of Economics, Keio University

著者からのコメント

ことばは変化するこれは言語普遍性の一つです。この変化の中には、文法形式の「栄枯盛衰」があります。すたれる形もあれば、新たに文法に組み込まれる形もあります。文法形式が歴史の中でどのように発生・拡張したのかを研究すること、これが文法化（grammaticalization）の視点です。本書は日本語の文法化についての最新の研究をまとめたもので、コムリー氏の概観につづく５編の論文は日本語のさまざまな側面について、認知的・談話的機能の表現手段や歴史的な変化の過程を調べています。ひとつの共通テーマは語彙的項目の文法形式への変化で、補助動詞、形式名詞、接続詞などの発達はここに入ります。もうひとつの共通テーマは多機能性の発達で、文法的項目が本来もっていたのと違う領域のはたらきをもつ（助詞の発達はそうした例を示すことがよくあります）プロセスの研究です。各論文についていえば、松本曜氏は動詞の抽象化＞後置詞化、鈴木亮子氏は「わけ」の形式名詞化、井口裕子氏は「から」の機能拡張と文末での使用、大堀壽夫は「ば」接続における已然形の発達、堀江薫氏は「の」がもつ多機能性をとりあげています。これにそれぞれコメントがついて（論文執筆者の他に本多啓、北野浩章、西村義樹の各氏が参加しています）より広い文脈への位置づけがなされており、「ワークショップ」にふさわしい構成になっています。
　文法化の研究は先達をたどれば多くの文献学的研究にたどりつきますが、現代的な関心は認知意味論や語用論にささえられた言語の比較研究がもとになっているといってよいでしょう。本書は現代の言語理論を背景に日本語の新たな面白さを示すとともに、歴史的研究の成果の知見の一部を外にむけて発信した試みと見ていただければと思います。
（大堀壽夫　おおほり・としお）